Tuesday, May 27, 2025

Co-Creation: Reshaping Business and Society in the Era of Bottom-up Economics


"Co-Creation: Reshaping Business and Society in the Era of Bottom-up Economics" is a book that explores how modern businesses and organizations are shifting from traditional, top-down decision-making models to more collaborative, inclusive, and participatory approaches—what the authors refer to as bottom-up economics.

Here’s a breakdown of the key ideas in the book:




1. What is Co-Creation?

Co-creation is a process where organizations engage customers, employees, partners, and other stakeholders directly in the development of products, services, and strategies. Instead of acting solely as providers, companies become facilitators of shared value.

Example: Instead of just selling software, a company like Microsoft or Adobe might open up APIs or offer platforms that allow users to build plugins, creating an ecosystem.


2. Bottom-Up Economics

This concept challenges the traditional top-down economic model where a few decision-makers (like executives or policymakers) dictate strategy or policy. Bottom-up economics emphasizes:

Empowering individuals and communities

Collaborative problem-solving

Innovation from the grassroots level


Impact: It suggests that value creation now often begins at the edge of an organization—with users, customers, and communities—rather than the center.



3. Co-Creation in Business

The book shows how companies can:

Engage stakeholders early in the innovation process

Foster open innovation and knowledge sharing

Design business models that are more adaptive and responsive


Real-world examples:

LEGO Ideas: Fans submit ideas for new sets, and if popular, LEGO may produce them and credit the creator.

Open source platforms like Linux or Wikipedia.


4. Societal Transformation

Co-creation isn't just a business concept; it also applies to societal development:

Governments co-creating policy with citizens

Cities crowdsourcing ideas for urban planning

NGOs working directly with communities for sustainable solutions




5. New Roles for Leaders

Leaders in the co-creation era must:

Shift from controllers to facilitators

Build trust and transparency

Create environments where diverse voices contribute meaningfully



6. Challenges

Power imbalances can still exist

Co-creation requires time and cultural change

Risk of superficial participation (tokenism)




Summary

The book is part of the Management for Professionals series and is aimed at both academics and practitioners. It offers theory, case studies, and frameworks to help understand and implement co-creation across sectors.

Why it Matters Now

In the digital age, with widespread connectivity and rising demands for transparency, co-creation is becoming essential for innovation, relevance, and sustainability—across business and society.


Monday, May 26, 2025

The Belkin X Disney

Belkin X Disney SoundForm Mini Wireless On-Ear Headphones for Kids are a special edition collaboration celebrating Disney's 100th anniversary.  Designed with young listeners in mind, these headphones combine safety, durability, and delightful Disney-themed aesthetics. 

๐ŸŽง Key Features

Safe Listening Volume: Equipped with a volume limiter capped at 85dB to protect children's hearing during extended use. 

Extended Battery Life: Offers up to 28–30 hours of continuous playback, ensuring uninterrupted entertainment. 

Built-in Microphone: Facilitates clear communication for online classes, video calls, and interactive learning sessions. 

Durable Design: Constructed with spill and accident-resistant materials, tested to withstand up to 2 years of typical kid-related mishaps. 

Kid-Friendly Controls: Features intuitive touch controls for play/pause, volume adjustment, and Bluetooth pairing, making it easy for children to operate independently. 

Dual Connectivity: Supports both wireless (Bluetooth 5.0 with a 10-meter range) and wired connections via an included 3.5mm audio cable. 

Comfortable Fit: Designed with a soft, adjustable headband and smaller ear cushions to ensure a snug and comfortable fit for kids. 

Compatibility: Works seamlessly with various Bluetooth-enabled devices, including iPads, iPhones, Android smartphones, and tablets. 


๐ŸŽจ Disney-Themed Designs

This special edition features beloved Disney characters, including Mickey Mouse and Friends, adding a touch of magic to your child's audio experience.  The design is part of Belkin's Disney100 collection, commemorating a century of Disney storytelling. 

๐Ÿ“ฆ What's Included

SoundForm Mini Wireless On-Ear Headphones 

Micro-USB charging cable 

3.5mm audio cable for optional wired use 


๐Ÿ’ฐ Pricing and Availability

The Belkin X Disney SoundForm Mini Wireless On-Ear Headphones for Kids are available in India at various retailers, including Amazon India, Croma, Reliance Digital, and Aptronix.  Prices may vary, but they have been listed at ₹2,999 on Amazon India, reflecting a significant discount from the original MRP of ₹39,999.  

๐Ÿ›️ Purchase Options

You can explore and purchase these headphones through the following links: 

Realme U1

The Realme U1 (Brave Blue, 4GB RAM, 64GB Storage) is a mid-range smartphone that debuted in December 2018. It was notable for being the first device to feature the MediaTek Helio P70 chipset, offering a balance between performance and affordability. 

๐Ÿ“ฑ Key Specifications

Display: 6.3-inch Full HD+ (2340 x 1080) LTPS IPS LCD with a 19.5:9 aspect ratio and 90.8% screen-to-body ratio.  Protected by Corning Gorilla Glass 3.  

Processor: MediaTek Helio P70 (12nm), Octa-core CPU (4x2.1 GHz Cortex-A73 & 4x2.0 GHz Cortex-A53), Mali-G72 MP3 GPU.  

Memory & Storage: 4GB RAM with 64GB internal storage, expandable via dedicated microSD slot up to 256GB.  

Rear Camera: Dual setup – 13MP (f/2.2) primary sensor and 2MP (f/2.4) depth sensor. Features include LED flash, HDR, and panorama.  

Front Camera: 25MP Sony IMX576 sensor (f/2.0) with AI Beauty+ and HDR capabilities.  

Battery: 3,500mAh non-removable battery with 10W charging support.  

Operating System: Launched with Android 8.1 (Oreo), upgradable to Android 9.0 (Pie) with ColorOS 6.  

Build & Design: Polycarbonate body with a glossy finish, available in Brave Blue, Ambitious Black, and Fiery Gold.  

๐Ÿ” Performance & Features

AI Capabilities: The Helio P70 chipset enhances AI tasks, including real-time beautification, scene detection, and bokeh effects.  

Gaming: Offers smooth gameplay for titles like Asphalt 9 and Need for Speed: No Limits, maintaining good frame rates and minimal heating during extended sessions.  

Battery Life: Capable of delivering up to 14 hours and 38 minutes of continuous HD video playback.  


๐Ÿ’ฐ Pricing & Availability

As of March 2025, the Realme U1 (4GB RAM, 64GB Storage) in Brave Blue is priced around ₹8,990 in India.  However, availability may be limited due to its discontinuation.  

realme C65 5G

realme C65 5G (Feather Green, 128 GB) (6 GB RAM) is a budget-friendly 5G smartphone offering a balanced mix of performance, display quality, and camera capabilities.  Here's an overview of its key features:




๐Ÿ“ฑ Display & Design

Screen: 6.67-inch HD+ LCD with a 120Hz refresh rate for smooth visuals.

Resolution: 1604 x 720 pixels.

Design: Feather Green color with IP54 dust and splash resistance.

Build: Slim profile at 7.89 mm thickness and weighs 190g. 



⚙️ Performance

Processor: MediaTek Dimensity 6300 5G chipset built on a 6nm process.

RAM: 6GB, with support for up to 12GB dynamic RAM.

Storage: 128GB internal, expandable up to 2TB via a hybrid microSD slot.

Operating System: Android 14 with Realme UI 5.0. 



๐Ÿ“ธ Camera

Rear Camera: 50MP main sensor (Samsung S5KJN1) with f/1.8 aperture.

Front Camera: 8MP sensor (OmniVision OV08D10) with f/2.0 aperture.

Video Recording: Supports 1080p at 30fps and 720p at 30fps; slow-motion at 720p at 120fps.

Camera Modes: Includes Night, Street, Pro, Portrait, Timelapse, Slo-Mo, Dual View Video, and more. 



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๐Ÿ”‹ Battery & Charging

Battery Capacity: 5000mAh.

Charging: 15W fast charging via USB Type-C. 



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๐Ÿ” Additional Features

Fingerprint Sensor: Side-mounted for quick access.

Connectivity: Dual SIM (5G), Bluetooth 5.3, Wi-Fi 5, GPS, and a 3.5mm headphone jack.

Sensors: Includes accelerometer, gyroscope, proximity sensor, compass, and ambient light sensor. 



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๐Ÿ’ฐ Pricing in India

As of May 2025, the realme C65 5G (6GB RAM, 128GB storage) in Feather Green is priced around ₹11,499 to ₹12,499, depending on the retailer.  It's available through platforms like Amazon, Croma, and Vijay Sales.  


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๐ŸŸข Verdict

The realme C65 5G stands out in the budget segment by offering 5G connectivity, a high-refresh-rate display, and a capable camera setup.  Its combination of performance and features makes it a strong contender for users seeking value without compromising on modern smartphone essentials. 


Valuation Examinations: Asset Class - Land & Building

Valuation Examinations: Asset Class - Land & Building

[Theory + MCQs Overview]


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I. THEORY SECTION

Valuation of Land and Building (L&B) involves assessing the value of real estate properties for purposes like taxation, sale, acquisition, mortgage, or investment. Here's a summary of the core theory relevant to valuation exams:

1. Asset Classification

Land: Includes the surface of the earth, materials beneath, and airspace above, subject to legal rights.

Building: Structures constructed on land, used for residential, commercial, industrial, or institutional purposes.



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2. Types of Land & Building Assets

Vacant Land (undeveloped)

Developed Land (subdivided plots with infrastructure)

Residential Buildings

Commercial Buildings

Industrial Buildings

Mixed-Use Properties

Specialized Buildings (e.g., hospitals, schools)



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3. Approaches to Valuation

a. Market Approach / Sales Comparison

Compares property to recent sales of similar properties.

Best for land or standard residential/commercial buildings.


b. Cost Approach

Value = Land Value + Cost of Construction – Depreciation

Suitable for specialized buildings and new constructions.


c. Income Approach

Used for income-generating properties.

Capitalization Method: Value = Net Operating Income / Capitalization Rate

DCF Method (Discounted Cash Flow): Future cash flows are discounted to present value.



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4. Factors Affecting Valuation

Location and connectivity

Zoning and land use regulations

Physical attributes (size, shape, topography)

Infrastructure and amenities

Market trends and demand

Legal encumbrances



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5. Depreciation Types (for Buildings)

Physical (wear and tear)

Functional (design obsolescence)

Economic (external factors)



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6. Legal and Regulatory Framework

Transfer of Property Act, 1882

Registration Act, 1908

Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA)

Urban Land Ceiling Acts (where applicable)



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II. MCQs SECTION

Here are sample multiple-choice questions with answers:


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1. Which valuation approach is most suitable for income-generating commercial buildings?
a) Market Approach
b) Cost Approach
c) Income Approach
d) Replacement Cost Approach
Answer: c) Income Approach


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2. Depreciation due to outdated design is termed as:
a) Physical Depreciation
b) Functional Obsolescence
c) Economic Obsolescence
d) Residual Depreciation
Answer: b) Functional Obsolescence


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3. In the cost approach, how is building value calculated?
a) Sale price of similar buildings
b) Rent capitalisation
c) Cost of new construction less depreciation
d) Past purchase price adjusted for inflation
Answer: c) Cost of new construction less depreciation


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4. Which of the following is not a factor affecting land valuation?
a) Soil fertility
b) Proximity to city centers
c) Age of the building
d) Zoning regulations
Answer: c) Age of the building


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5. RERA applies to which type of property?
a) Agricultural land only
b) Industrial buildings only
c) Real estate projects for residential/commercial use
d) Government buildings
Answer: c) Real estate projects for residential/commercial use

Sunday, May 25, 2025

Sony WH-1000XM4

Sony WH-1000XM4 is a premium pair of wireless over-ear headphones renowned for their industry-leading noise cancellation, exceptional audio quality, and intelligent features.  Here's an in-depth look at what makes them stand out:


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๐ŸŽง Key Features

1. Industry-Leading Noise Cancellation

Equipped with Sony’s HD Noise Cancelling Processor QN1 and Dual Noise Sensor technology, the WH-1000XM4 actively analyzes and suppresses ambient sounds.  This system adjusts over 700 times per second to deliver a serene listening experience, whether you're on a flight or in a bustling cafรฉ.  

2. Superior Sound Quality

Featuring 40mm drivers with Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) diaphragms, these headphones support Hi-Res Audio and LDAC codec, transmitting up to 990 kbps for rich, detailed sound.  The DSEE Extreme engine, powered by Edge-AI, upscales compressed audio files in real time, restoring high-frequency elements lost during compression.  

3. Smart Listening Features

Adaptive Sound Control: Automatically adjusts ambient sound settings based on your activity and location.

Speak-to-Chat: Pauses playback and lets in ambient sound when you start speaking, facilitating quick conversations without removing the headphones.

Wearing Detection: Sensors detect when the headphones are removed, pausing playback to conserve battery.  


4. Extended Battery Life

Enjoy up to 30 hours of playback with active noise cancellation enabled, and up to 38 hours with it turned off.  A quick 10-minute charge provides up to 5 hours of playback, ensuring minimal downtime.  

5. Seamless Connectivity

With Bluetooth 5.0 and multi-point connectivity, the WH-1000XM4 can connect to two devices simultaneously, allowing easy switching between, for example, a laptop and smartphone.  They also support voice assistants like Google Assistant, Alexa, and Siri for hands-free control.  


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๐Ÿ“ฆ What's Included

Sony WH-1000XM4 headphones

Carrying case

USB-C charging cable

3.5mm audio cable

In-flight adapter 



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๐Ÿ’ฐ Pricing in India

The Sony WH-1000XM4 is available in India at a price of ₹29,990.   However, prices may vary across retailers and during promotional periods. 


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๐Ÿ† Verdict

The Sony WH-1000XM4 stands out as one of the best all-around noise-cancelling headphones available.  Its combination of superior sound quality, intelligent features, and long battery life makes it a top choice for both casual listeners and audiophiles.  While newer models like the WH-1000XM5 offer incremental improvements, the WH-1000XM4 remains a compelling option, especially considering its current pricing. 

iQOO Z10x 5G

iQOO Z10x 5G (Ultramarine, 8GB RAM, 128GB Storage is a budget-friendly smartphone that offers a compelling mix of performance, battery life, and durability. Here's an overview of its key features:


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๐Ÿ”‹ Battery Life

Capacity: 6,500 mAh

Charging: 44W fast charging (charger included)

Real-World Performance: In tests, the Z10x lasted over 24 hours in the PCMark Work Battery test and nearly 38 hours in a video loop test.   With moderate use, it can easily last up to two days on a single charge. 



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⚙️ Performance

Processor: MediaTek Dimensity 7300 (4nm)

RAM & Storage: 8GB LPDDR4x RAM, 128GB UFS 3.1 storage

Benchmark Scores:

AnTuTu v10: ~728,000

Geekbench 6: 1120 (single-core) / 3980 (multi-core)


Gaming: Capable of running games like Call of Duty Mobile at 60fps on high settings.  However, some users have reported stuttering in less optimized games.  



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๐Ÿ“ฑ Display & Design

Screen: 6.72-inch Full HD+ IPS LCD, 120Hz refresh rate, 1050 nits peak brightness

Build: Plastic back and frame with a frosted finish to resist smudges

Durability: MIL-STD-810H certified for military-grade durability and IP64 rated for dust and splash resistance  



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๐Ÿ“ท Camera

Rear Cameras:

50MP main sensor (f/1.8)

2MP depth sensor


Front Camera: 8MP (f/2.05)

Video Recording: Up to 4K at 30fps

Performance: Daylight photos are decent with good detail, but low-light performance is average.  Video lacks optical image stabilization, leading to shaky footage.  



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๐Ÿ“ฆ Software

Operating System: Android 15 with Funtouch OS 15

Update Policy: 2 years of Android updates and 3 years of security patches

Additional Features: Includes Smart Eraser, Screen Translation, and Document Scanner.  However, some users have noted the presence of bloatware and spam notifications.  



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๐ŸŽง Audio

Speakers: Dual stereo speakers with an audio booster mode that increases volume up to 400%

Audio Quality: Loud but can become tinny at higher volumes  



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๐Ÿ“ฆ What's in the Box

44W fast charger

USB Type-A to Type-C cable

Transparent case

SIM ejector tool

Documentation  



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๐Ÿ’ฐ Pricing & Availability

Price: Starts at ₹13,499 for the 6GB RAM variant and ₹14,999 for the 8GB RAM variant

Availability: Available on Amazon.in and iQOO India eStore 



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✅ Pros & ❌ Cons

Pros:

Long-lasting battery life

Smooth performance for daily tasks and gaming

Durable build with military-grade certification

Affordable pricing 


Cons:

Average camera performance, especially in low light

Presence of bloatware in the software

Display quality is decent but not as vibrant as AMOLED panels 


๐Ÿฉด Travel Lovers เค•े เคฒिเค 10 Lightweight Footwears – เค†เคฐाเคฎเคฆाเคฏเค• เคฏाเคค्เคฐा เค•ा เคฐाเคœ़

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